In 1911 the Republic of Texas Congress authorized the construction of two battleships to counter the acquisition of similar vessels by South American Navies. They were to be armed with the British 13.5" gun and armored against the 12" guns provided to those countries by the United States. Ironically, it was US shipbuilders who were awarded the construction contract, with armament and final fitting out to be completed by the Navy Yard in Galveston.
However, in 1916 as the Stephen F. Austin was nearing completion, the British balked at providing the required 13.5" guns, citing the demands of the world war as justification for refusing them. The Navy scrambled to find suitable replacement ordnance, and requested to purchase 14"/45 guns from the United States. The US deferred, refusing to provide their best available gun but offering the 12"/50 as an alternative. Texas declined, adamant that they would not use the gun their ship was designed to resist. Superiority was desired, not parity. A diplomatic solution finally prevailed; Texas would receive their 14" guns in exchange for permission to move US troops through Texas on their way to fight Villista rebels in Mexico.
The replacement guns presented several challenges. First, the Austin's turrets were nearly complete with machinery designed to handle 13.5" projectiles. This all had to be replaced or modified, and delayed her completion while the required changes were made. The dillema was a lesser concern for Austin's sister ship, the Houston, as construction on her turrets had not even begun. The delays postponed her delivery, and though she was to have been delivered in the summer of 1916, she was not in Texas waters until December, and the Houston arrived a few months later (having been completed on schedule).
The end result was two sister ships with slightly different appearances:
Austin's turrets are very British, while Houston's are decidedly American in appearance. Both ships would be plagued by problems with their handling equipment throughout their lives, but less so in the Houston as she required less alteration than the Austin. Both were fitted with flag facilities and were oil burners, and despite the problems with their guns were considered efficiently designed:
Displacement:
17,607 t light; 19,092 t standard; 20,029 t normal; 20,778 t full load
Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
(520.00 ft / 520.00 ft) x 85.00 ft x (26.00 / 26.80 ft)
(158.50 m / 158.50 m) x 25.91 m x (7.92 / 8.17 m)
Armament:
8 - 14.00" / 356 mm 45.0 cal guns
16 - 6.00" / 152 mm 50.0 cal guns
8 - 3.00" / 76.2 mm 50.0 cal guns
Weight of broadside 13,013 lbs / 5,903 kg
Main Torpedoes
2 - 18.0" / 457 mm, 10.00 ft / 3.05 m torpedoes
Armour:
- Belts: Width (max) Length (avg) Height (avg)
Main: 12.0" / 305 mm 338.00 ft / 103.02 m 16.00 ft / 4.88 m
Ends: Unarmoured
- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 12.0" / 305 mm 3.00" / 76 mm 12.0" / 305 mm
2nd: 6.00" / 152 mm - 6.00" / 152 mm
- Armoured deck - single deck:
For and Aft decks: 1.50" / 38 mm
- Conning towers: Forward 12.00" / 305 mm, Aft 0.00" / 0 mm
Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Direct drive, 2 shafts, 48,237 shp / 35,985 Kw = 24.00 kts
Range 5,000nm at 12.00 kts
Complement:
841 - 1,094
Cost:
£2.020 million / $8.081 million