IIRC, both the british leander class and the dutch GW, S, L and M frigates seem to have this kind of deck edge. none of these ships has seen much service in arctic conditions, so that makes me ask the question.... is it on those ships for nuclear blast protection? especially since the M frigates are of the same age as the halifaxes, it makes me wonder.....
One needn't operate above the Arctic circle to experience Icing. it can be quite common on the Great Lakes from October to April, and at least the majority of the lakes are below the artic circle, although those are fresh water bodies, and fresh water reacts differently to cold than salt water.
The Sea cools alot slower than the air above it, though, and from what I've heard, it's not uncommon to have air temps in the 20's and water temps above freezing. However, when waves break over a ship, the spray produced doesn't hold it's temperature nearly as well as the sea itself does, and freezes rather quickly. prolonged exposure to freezing spray can cause ice build up. A neat experiment to prove this is, this winter, when it gets good and cold, take two pots of boiling water: Set one outside your door, and leave it, and measure how long it takes to freeze. After checking that, take another pot of boiling water, place it in a spray bottle, and spray the side of your house. The boiling water in the bottle should, if sprayed from a distance of at least two or three feet, generate a nice ice film over the siding of your house.