Shipbucket

Future Battleship/Capital Ship Discussion

Okay,

This is a thread specifically about advanced surface combatant design/multi-role surface ships using 21st century technologies. For this purpose, my first post will present a new (although perhaps not inherently new) concept for an advanced battleship of the 21st century. No flaming please. Let's keep it civil.

For the purposes of discussion, I'll be presenting this proposal utilizing various technologies. Such as conventional propulsion systems, and also, a nuclear propulsion system. They both have advantages and drawbacks, however, considering the size of the ship exceeds 50,000 tons, I thought I should at least present nuclear power as an option, although perhaps not the best one, which is why I've also included conventional means of propulsion. (I will say that nuclear is my current preference atm). Also, as you may have noticed, I used the Arsenal Ship concept photo for this ship, despite some discrepancies. Such as the fact that the picture does not show the guns or tumble-home hull & WP bow. My drawing skills suck. Sorry!



BB(X) Hawaii Class (BB-XX)
Advanced Modern Battleship



Role/s: Multi-role Surface Combatant/NFS Platform
Length: 959’
Beam: 118’
Draft: 29'
Cruise Speed: 30 kts
Dash Speed: 36-37 kts (presumably with current advances in hull design+Iowa Class performance data)
Tonnage: 52,000 tons standard, 63,000 tons design max.
Unit Price: 6.8- 7+ Billion USD



Hull Design:

BB(X) will have a "tumblehome" hull form, i.e. a design in which hull slopes inward from above the waterline. This will significantly reduce the radar cross section since such a slope returns a much less defined radar image rather than a more hard-angled hull form.

Requirements for the Integrated Deckhouse EDM is that it is fully EMC (Electromagetic Compatibility) shielded with reduced infrared and radar signatures. Measures to fulfill these conditions include an all-composite superstructure, low signature electronically steered arrays, an integrated multi-function mast and low radar and infrared signatures. Other measures to reduce the vessel's infrared signature include the development of an exhaust suppressor.

Harris Corporation has been awarded a contract for the development of the Common Data Link (CDL) X/Ku-band phased array antenna systems, which will be integrated into the Integrated Deckhouse Assembly. The multi-beam electronically-steered antenna will allow connectivity with up to eight CDL terminals.


Countermeasures:

Torpedo Countermeasures:

Surface Ship Torpedo Defense (SSTD)



The US/UK Surface Ship Torpedo Defense (SSTD) Joint Project is be fitted on a wide range of USN/RN platforms. The program involves development of new acoustic sensors and countermeasures to detect, track, and divert incoming torpedoes; providing torpedo defense against all threat torpedos for surface ships (combatant, amphibious and auxiliary). SSTD will be installed on aircraft carriers, surface combatants, and amphibious ships during routine maintenance periods.

The SSTD program is a defensive system development to counter specific undersea weapon threats to high value surface ships. The system consists of detection, control, and counter weapon subsystems. The counter weapon portion is comprised of a hardkill subsystem for outer layer engagement and a seduction subsystem (softkill) for inner layer defense. SSTD is the first undersea warfare program to use a layered-attrition approach for the defense of surface ships.

The result of a joint US/UK program, the Multi-Sensor Torpedo Recognition Acoustic Processor (MSTRAP) integrated system will be able to counter the short-range undersea threat with a variety of countermeasures designed to screen the CVBG while evasion is in progress.

The System Control Function (SCF) component of SSTD will control the startup and shutdown of SSTD, provide a continuous status of the SSTD system software, and support Fault Detection/Fault Localization diagnostics. SCF is being written using C on a TAC-3 in a UNIX/ X-Windows/Motif environment.

The SSTD Launched Expendable Acoustic Device (LEAD) program experienced a continual stream of unrelated component failures during at-sea flight testing. From April 1996 to August 1997, the Navy's Best Manufacturing Practices (BMP) Center of Excellence, part of the Navy's Manufacturing Technology (ManTech) program, developed a get well program based on a structured design methodology, which documented the fabrication and test experience of every component and subassembly in the test units. BMP and SSTD were able to reduce process variability, single out the processes which needed improvement, analyze failures, and identify necessary changes to achieve needed reliability. The success of this ManTech effort resulted in approval from the Program Executive Officer for Undersea Warfare for limited production and fleet introduction of the LEAD program.

Following OPEVAL, the PEO convened a Technical Advisory Panel (TAP) to review the requirements and the design of SSTD. In essence, the TAP found the design concept to be valid. They recommended the installation of the fixes planned and the resumption of OPEVAL as soon as possible. Unfortunately, the resources necessary to implement the recommendation were not fully available and the program has since been restructured. SSTD today is a modular system comprised of the original detection and softkill sub-systems with capability to accommodate new hardkill systems in the future.

Next Generation Countermeasure (NGCM)



The Next Generation Countermeasure (NGCM) will be a three-inch diameter mobile acoustic countermeasure with acoustic communication links to enable countermeasure connectivity and group behavior to defeat threat torpedoes. The NGCM is intended to be launched in-groups of up to six units. Some of the units will act as stationary broadcast jammers; others will be mobile and be launched as sophisticated decoys. The countermeasures (CMs) will have receivers capable of operating in full duplex mode. An acoustic communication link will pass tactical information and updates between the CMs and ships/subs operating within the battlespace. The NGCMs will be re-programmable to operate cooperatively with friendly counterfire (US torpedo firings) or anti-torpedo (ATT) firings. It will be able to change tactics or modes of operation in response to perceived tactical or environmental conditions in response to downloaded commands via the acoustic communication link. It will have an advanced tactical processor embedded and a threat torpedo classifier built into the unit. The CM will use its programmed group behavior technology to determine the appropriate behavior/response.



Ship Silencing Program:

Reduction of sonar self noise over the frequency range of passive capable sonar is one goal of the Navy Ship Silencing Program. The other goal is a maximum reduction in the ship's radiated noise to obtain the best possible counter-detection posture relative to enemy submarines. Unwanted noise can severely limit a ship's overall USW capability, both active and passive. A lack of understanding or inattention on the part of ship's personnel can negate the effect of installed quiet ship features.
Platform noise is that noise generated by own ship other than the sonar system.
Platform noise consists of radiated noise and crew generated noise. Control of this noise is the purpose of the shipboard noise control program. Platform noise is a primary concern when operating in EMCON.
Three classes of Sound Isolation Devices:
Resilient Mounts - rubber shock devices used on machinery and piping.
Typical Resilient Mount
Distributed Isolation Material (DIM) - rubber type pads used on smaller equipment.
Distributed Isolation Material
Flexible Connections - used on pipes and hoses.
Flexible Connection
Sound isolation devices are most effective when properly matched to machine characteristics and when both the machine and device are properly maintained.


Prairie/masker:





Air bubbles can be employed to mask potential targets or to provide alternate targets. The large difference in characteristic impedance (c) between the air bubbles and the surrounding water make them very efficient as reflectors of acoustic energy. Very little sound will penetrate a curtain of air bubbles, making them very efficient as masking for noise sources. Prairie-Masker is used during both active and passive undersea warfare operations. Gas turbine ships routinely operate systems inport and at sea, to avoid marine growth from plugging holes in blade tips and masker belts. During ASW operations, there is no instantaneous way of determining if the airflow rates are accurate at any given time. Improper Prairie/Masker airflow rates are an ASW mission degrade. MACHALT Proposals Under Development will replace Prairie/Masker air system portable flow meters with an electronic airflow monitoring system.
Masker air forms an air bubble screen around the hull of the ship, reducing transmission of machinery noise to the surrounding waters. Masker creates acoustic impedance mismatch between hull and water, by way of the masker belts located around the hull, putting a blanket of air bubbles between the hull's machinery noise and the water. Masker air disguises low frequency machinery noise that radiates through the hull and cools bleed air for use in engine starting and motoring. The Masker Air System uses air from the ship's bleed air system via the bleed air cooler for discharge through emitter belts located around the underwater girth of the ship. The masker regulator valve reduces masker air pressure from 75 to 28 psig. After leaving the reducing valve, the air supply divides into two branches supplying air to the forward and aft emitter belts. On the FFG-7 the Emitter Belts are located at frames 177 and 253. Each belt is divided into port and starboard halves. Each belt has a separate air connection. Each emitter belt uses a solenoid operated valve to control air flow. The ACC controls these solenoid valves. Masker air discharges through each connection at a rate of 425 squared cubic feet per minute (SCFM) at approximately 12 psig. Perforations in the emitters allow discharge of Masker air from the keel to the water line. An orifice plate in the port side emitter belt balances air flow.
The Prairie Air System supplies air along the propeller blade leading edge to reduce the hydrodynamic noise originating at the propeller. This fills the vacuum left by the rotating blades as the water "boils," allowing cavitation bubbles to contract more slowly as area of underpressure is minimized. Prairie Air is drawn from the bleed air header, sent through a cooler then through the propulsion shafting to the propeller hubs where it is emitted from small holes on the propeller blades. Each engine room has its own prairie air system to supply air to its associated propeller. The air passes through a network of apertures along each stabilizer's leading edge, suppressing flow noise and cavitation. For instance, on the FFG-7 Prairie air flows at 400 SCFM from a branch of the bleed air system through the prairie air cooler. The cooler uses seawater from the Firemain system as a cooling medium. From the cooler, prairie air flows through a flow meter into the roto-seal at the Oil Distribution Box (OD Box) and into the prairie air tubing to the propeller. At the propeller hub after end, the air enters drilled passages in the hub body. The passages direct the air to the base of each propeller blade. Air reaches each blade through a bushing connection between the blade base and the hub body. Air then flows through an air channel in the blade leading edge and discharges through 302 orifices. Two check valves prevent entry of water when the air supply is secured. The Fin Stabilizers use prairie air supplied directly from the discharge side of the prairie air cooler.
For example, on the FFG-7, customer bleed air extracted from the Gas Turbine Engine (GTE) compressor's 16th stage, provides gas turbine anti-icing, prairie and masker air, and start air for the other Gas Turbine Engine (GTE). Bleed air used for cross bleed starts, masker air, and prairie air passes through the bleed air reducing valve, reduceing bleed air pressure from 250 to 75 psig. Bleed air then passes through the bleed air cooler that uses sea water from the firemain to lower the bleed air temperature to below 400o F. After air passes through the bleed air cooler it splits off into two branches, one for starting air and the other for prairie/masker air.
Surface Ship Torpedo Defense (SSTD):
The US/UK Surface Ship Torpedo Defense (SSTD) Joint Project is be fitted on a wide range of USN/RN platforms. The program involves development of new acoustic sensors and countermeasures to detect, track, and divert incoming torpedoes; providing torpedo defense against all threat torpedos for surface ships (combatant, amphibious and auxiliary). SSTD will be installed on aircraft carriers, surface combatants, and amphibious ships during routine maintenance periods.
The SSTD program is a defensive system development to counter specific undersea weapon threats to high value surface ships. The system consists of detection, control, and counter weapon subsystems. The counter weapon portion is comprised of a hardkill subsystem for outer layer engagement and a seduction subsystem (softkill) for inner layer defense. SSTD is the first undersea warfare program to use a layered-attrition approach for the defense of surface ships.
The result of a joint US/UK program, the Multi-Sensor Torpedo Recognition Acoustic Processor (MSTRAP) integrated system will be able to counter the short-range undersea threat with a variety of countermeasures designed to screen the CVBG while evasion is in progress.
The System Control Function (SCF) component of SSTD will control the startup and shutdown of SSTD, provide a continuous status of the SSTD system software, and support Fault Detection/Fault Localization diagnostics. SCF is being written using C on a TAC-3 in a UNIX/ X-Windows/Motif environment.
The SSTD Launched Expendable Acoustic Device (LEAD) program experienced a continual stream of unrelated component failures during at-sea flight testing. From April 1996 to August 1997, the Navy's Best Manufacturing Practices (BMP) Center of Excellence, part of the Navy's Manufacturing Technology (ManTech) program, developed a get well program based on a structured design methodology, which documented the fabrication and test experience of every component and subassembly in the test units. BMP and SSTD were able to reduce process variability, single out the processes which needed improvement, analyze failures, and identify necessary changes to achieve needed reliability. The success of this ManTech effort resulted in approval from the Program Executive Officer for Undersea Warfare for limited production and fleet introduction of the LEAD program.
Following OPEVAL, the PEO convened a Technical Advisory Panel (TAP) to review the requirements and the design of SSTD. In essence, the TAP found the design concept to be valid. They recommended the installation of the fixes planned and the resumption of OPEVAL as soon as possible. Unfortunately, the resources necessary to implement the recommendation were not fully available and the program has since been restructured. SSTD today is a modular system comprised of the original detection and softkill sub-systems with capability to accommodate new hardkill systems in the future.


AN/SLQ-25 NIXIE:

The Torpedo Countermeasures Transmitting Set AN/SLQ-25A, commonly referred to as Nixie, is a passive, electro-acoustic decoy system used to provide deceptive countermeasures against acoustic homing torpedoes. The AN/SLQ-25A employs an underwater acoustic projector housed in a streamlined body which is towed astern on a combination tow/signal-transfer coaxial cable. An onboard generated signal is used by the towed body to produce an acoustic signal to decoy the hostile torpedo away from the ship. The AN/SLQ-25A includes improved deceptive countermeasures capabilities. The AN/SLQ-25B includes improved deceptive countermeasures capabilities, a fiber optic display LAN, a torpedo alertment capability and a towed array sensor.
Modern acoustic towed decoys, such as the AN/SLQ-25 NIXIE and the older T-MK6 FANFAIR, employ electronic or electromechanical means to produce the required signals. The system provides an alternate target diversion for an enemy acoustic homing torpedo by stringing on cable a "noise maker", aft of the ship, which has the capability of producing a greater noise than the ship; thereby diverting the incoming torpedo from the ship to the "fish". The towed device receives the torpedoes ping frequency, amplifies it 2 to 3 times and sends it back to lure the torpedo away from the ship. They may be used in pairs or singularly.
Operators are cautioned not to attempt MC transmission with less then 1000 feet of fiber optic tow cable (fotc) deployed, and MC transmission should be terminated before retrieval of FOTC commences. On below deck installations, the cable guide doors, if installed, must be closed whenever more than 50 feet of cable is paid out. Open doors mat cause the FOTC to ride out of the sheave and become caught between the sheave and keeper roller, seriously damaging the FOTC. Although the tech manual states the launch/retrieval speeds for the system are between 10-25 knots, it is strongly suggested not to exceed 15 knots. At speeds in excess of 15 knots damage to tow cable can occur on some platforms. (DD, DDG 994 class and CG 47 class). The emergency non-powered payout procedure should only be used when power is lost to the winch and the tactical situation dictates deployment of the torpedo countermeasures system. Winch speed must be carefully controlled by braking during non-powered payout operations. If not monitored the winch will rotate at an extremely dangerous rate.





RADAR:

The radar suite will consist of a dual band radar for horizon and volume search, an L-band volume search radar (VSR) integrated with the AN/SPY-3 multi-function radar already being developed by Raytheon for the US Navy. The two radars are to be integrated at waveform level for enhanced surveillance and tracking capability. The AN/SPY-3 Multi-Function Radar (MFR) is an X-band active phased-array radar designed to detect low-observable anti-ship cruise missiles and support fire-control illumination for the ESSM and Standard Missiles.

The AN/SPY-3 Multi-Function Radar (MFR) is an X-band active phased-array radar designed to meet all horizon search and fire control requirements for the 21st-century Fleet. MFR is designed to detect the most advanced low-observable anti-ship cruise missile (ASCM) threats and support fire-control illumination requirements for the Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile (ESSM, see separate program summary), Standard Missiles (SM-2/SM-3, see separate program summaries), and future missiles required to support engagement of the most stressing ASCMs. MFR also supports new ship-design requirement for reduced radar cross-section, significantly reduced manning (no operators), and total ownership cost reduction. MFR is planned for introduction in CVN-77 and next-generation CVNX aircraft carriers and the now-refocused DDX surface warship programs (see separate program summaries).
Engineering and Manufacturing Development unit build is underway for development, testing, and follow-on production of MFR to support equipment delivery schedules for CVN-77, CVNX, DDX, and potentially future LPD-12 class ships. DT/OA is planned for early FY 2003. First production radar is scheduled for delivery to Newport News Shipbuilding for installation in CVN 77 in June 2006. IOC is expected in 2008.
In June 2003 Raytheon Company's Integrated Defense Systems completed integration, test and delivery of the first SPY-3 multifunction radar to the U.S. Navy's Surface Combat System Center at Wallops Island. The SPY-3 radar has been designed for the Navy's newest amphibious warfare ships, the next generation aircraft carrier, CVN-77 and the DD(X) class of surface combatant ships.
This delivery is tangible evidence of the progress we've made in the development of next-generation radars that will serve the fleet in the 21st century. SPY-3 represents the first of the full-range of Raytheon technologies that will revolutionize the Navy's capabilities in the years to come.
The SPY-3 is an active phased array X-band radar designed to meet all horizon search and fire control requirements for the 21st century fleet. The Multi Function Radar combines the functions provided by more than five separate radars currently aboard Navy combatant ships. SPY-3 supports new ship-design requirements for reduced radar cross-section, significantly reduced manning requirements and total ownership cost reduction.

The Multi-Function Radar (MFR) is a focal point for DD 21's Integrated Topside Design and embedded aperture technology. The Multi-Function Radar is an X-band active phased array radar designed to meet all horizon search and fire control requirements for the 21st-century fleet. The solid-state active arrays will be carefully engi-neered to preserve the ship signature requirements of DD 21 and require new topside technologies to incorporate embedded phased arrays into a composite superstructure.

The Navy expects the radar to perform such functions as horizon search, limited above-the-horizon search, and fire control track and illumination. One of the most significant design features of the radar is to provide automatic detection, tracking, and illumination of low-altitude threat missiles in adverse environmental conditions routinely found in coastal waters. Supplemented with a Volume Search Radar (VSR), being developed within the DD 21 competition, the radar suite will provide capabilities including situational awareness, air control, track identification, and counterbattery detection.

The Navy intends for the MFR to replace legacy radars currently found on CVN 68 class carriers including the SPS-67, Mk 23 TAS with Mk 95 illuminator or SPQ-9B, and the SPN-41/46 radars, which provide glide slope for approach control on aircraft carriers. Current Navy plans call for inclusion of the MFR on CVN 77, which is expected to enter service in December 2007, and the DD 21 ship class. Other installation candidates are LHD 8, CVN 70−76 (as a backfit), and CVN(X) and LH(X) future ship classes. Additionally, the Navy will review the LPD 17 combat system in 2001 to determine if changes in configuration are warranted. The costs and benefits of including the MFR/VSR suite in the LPD 17 combat system suite will be considered in this review.

This solid-state, active array radar system will not only scan the horizon for high-speed, low-level cruise missile threats, but also provide fire-control illumination for DD 21 air defense weapons. MFR is designed to detect the most advanced low-observable anti-ship cruise missile (ASCM) threats and support fire-control illumination requirements for the Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile, Standard Missile, and future missiles required to support engagement of the most stressing ASCMs.

In June 1999, the Navy awarded a contract to develop an MFR prototype. MFR is being designed and developed as an Engineering Development Model (EDM) by Raytheon Systems Company, Sudbury MA. Based on current program plans, the initial MFR prototype will be available in fiscal year 2002 to support land-based and sea-based testing.

MFR supports new ship design requirement for reduced radar cross-section, reduced manning and total ownership cost reduction. MFR is planned for introduction in CVN-77/CVNX and DD-21 warships. Development, testing, and subsequent production will support equipment delivery schedules for both CVN-77 and DD-21. Initial Operational Capability is expected in 2008 with the delivery of DD-21.

Like the integrated propulsion system, DD 21's radar suite will have broad applications for other future naval platforms. The preeminent among these is CVN 77, which will be the first ship to field the Mult-Function/Volume Search Radar suite. Currently, both the DD 21 and CVN 77 Program Offices are working closely together to ensure requirements for both platforms are being incorporated into the radar suite design. This technology should also interest the designers of JCC(X) and LHD(X), as well as platforms currently in construction (such as LPD 17).






Sonar:

At the heart of the ship's Integrated Undersea Warfare System will be a dual (high frequency/medium frequency) frequency bow array and a multi-function towed array. The US Navy has already set up the IUSW-21 program to develop technologies including multifunction hull array, mine avoidance and shallow water ASW.



Combat Control Suite:

Mk 7 AEGIS combat system
Mk 34 Gun Weapon System (GWS)



AEGIS Weapon System MK-7, baseline 7 phase 2

Aegis, which means shield, is the Navy’s most modern surface combat system. Aegis was designed and developed as a complete system, integrating state-of-the-art radar and missile systems. The missile launching system, the computer programs, the radar and the displays are fully integrated to work together. This makes the Aegis system the first fully integrated combat system built to defend against advanced air, surface, and subsurface threats. The AEGIS Combat System is highly integrated and capable of simultaneous warfare on several fronts -- air, surface, subsurface, and strike. Anti-Air Warfare elements include the Radar System AN/SPY-1B/D, Command and Decision System, and Weapons Control System.

For more than 40 years, the US Navy has developed systems and tactics to protect itself from air attacks. Since the end of World War II, several generations of anti-ship missiles have emerged as the air threat to the fleet. The first combatant ship sunk by one of these missiles was an Israeli destroyer in October 1967, hit by a Soviet built missile. The threat posed by such weapons was reconfirmed in April 1988 when two Iranian surface combatants fired on US Navy ships and aircraft in the Persian Gulf. The resulting exchange of anti-ship missiles led to the destruction of an Iranian frigate and corvette by US built Harpoon missiles. Modern anti-ship missiles can be launched several hundred miles away. The attacks can be coordinated, combining air, surface and subsurface launches, so that the missiles arrive on target almost simultaneously.

The US Navy's defense against this threat has continued to rely on the winning strategy of defense in depth. Guns were replaced in the late fifties by the first generation of guided missiles in our ships and aircraft. By the late sixties, these missiles continued to perform well, but it was recognized that reaction time, firepower, and operational availability in all environments did not match the threat. To counter this, an operational requirement for an Advanced Surface Missile System (ASMS) was promulgated and a comprehensive engineering development program was initiated to meet that requirement. ASMS was re-named AEGIS (after the mythological shield of Zeus) in December 1969.

The sophistication and complexity of the AEGIS combat system were such that the combination of engineering with AEGIS/AEGIS equipped ship acquisition demanded special management treatment. This "marriage" was effected by the establishment of the AEGIS shipbuilding project at Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA PMS-400) in 1977. The special management treatment combined and structured hull mechanical and electrical systems, combat systems, computer programs, repair parts, personnel maintenance documentation, and tactical operation documentation into one unified organization to create the highly capable, multi-mission surface combatants that are today's AEGIS cruisers and destroyers. The charter for NAVSEA PMS-400 represented a significant Navy management decision, one which had a far-reaching impact on acquisition management, design and life-time support of modern Navy ships. For the first time in the history of surface combatants, PMS-400 introduced an organization that has both responsibility and authority to simultaneously manage development/acquisition, combat system integration and life-time support.

The AEGIS weapon system is the most capable surface launched missile system the Navy has ever put to sea. It can defeat an extremely wide range of targets from wave top to directly overhead. AEGIS is extremely capable against anti-ship cruise missiles and manned aircraft flying in all speed ranges from subsonic to supersonic. The AEGIS system is effective in all environmental conditions having both all-weather capability and demonstrated outstanding abilities in chaff and jamming environments. AEGIS brings a revolutionary, multi-mission combat capability to the US Navy. AEGIS equipped ships are capable of engaging and defeating enemy aircraft, missiles, submarines and surface ships.

AEGIS equipped ships are key elements in modern carrier and battleship battle groups.

The surface Navy's AEGIS system provides area defense for the battle group as well as a clear air picture for more effective deployment of F-14 and F/A-18 aircraft. AEGIS enables fighter aircraft to concentrate more on the outer air battle while cruisers and destroyers assume a greater responsibility for battle group area defense. Technological advances in missile and computer battle management systems make it possible for AEGIS equipped ships to join carrier air assets in outer air defense. The highly accurate firing of AEGIS weapon systems results in minimizing the expenditure of assets.

The Aegis system was designed as a total weapon system, from detection to kill. The heart of the AEGIS systems is an advanced, automatic detect and track, multi-functional phased-array radar, the AN/SPY-1. This high-powered (four megawatt) radar is able to perform search, track and missile guidance functions simultaneously with a capability of over 100 targets. The first Engineering Development Model (EDM-1) was installed in the test ship, USS Norton Sound (AVM 1) in 1973.

The system's computer- based command and decision element is the core of the Aegis combat system. This interface makes the Aegis combat system capable of simultaneous operation against a multi-mission threat: anti-air, anti-surface and anti-submarine warfare.


Baseline 7 will also be developed in two phases. Baseline 7 Phase I is planned for the last ship in FY 1998 and Phase II is planned for the last ship in FY 2002. Major Baseline 7 upgrades include but are not limited to: AN/SPY-1D(V) radar upgrade, integration of Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC) and Tactical Ballistic Missile Defense (TBMD) capability (first forward fit implementation), advanced computer architecture, ID upgrades Phase II, Cueing Sensor, STANDARD Missile-2 Block IIIB full integration, Advanced Integrated Electronic Warfare System (AIEWS) Phase I and II, Light Airborne Multipurpose System (LAMPS) helicopter Mark III Block II, Advanced Tactical Support, integrated Naval Surface Fire Support (NSFS), and Mark 50 torpedo with Periscope Depth Attack.


Mk 34 Gun Weapon System (GWS)

The MK 45 5"/54 Caliber Gun Mount, in conjunction with the MK 34 Gun Weapon System (GWS), is used against surface ship and close hostile aircraft, and support forces ashore with Naval Gunfire Support (NGFS). The MK 34 GWS consists of the MK 160 MOD 4 Gun Computing System and the MK 45 MOD 2 Gun Mount. The GWS accepts engagement orders, designation orders, controls, alerts, and doctrine from command and decision, and target data from shipboard sensors and off ship sources. The GWS uses standard 5" ammunition. The GWS is integrated with the DDG 51 combat system. The MK 34 GWS was developed to improve the DDG 51 class’s capability against air, surface, and NGFS threats.

The Gun Weapon System (GWS) Mk 34 Mod 0 consists of a fully automated gun mount and the associated equipment required for mount movement and loading ammunition. The gun mount is a fully-automated, single-barrel, 5"/54 caliber, lightweight gun mount that provides anti-air, anti-surface, and shore bombardment capabilities. The Gun Mount is capable of firing singularly or continuously at a rate of 16-20 rounds per minute depending on gun barrel elevation and ammunition type. The Gun Mount automatically loads single rounds of 5-inch ammunition, completes the firing circuit, and ejects empty cases from the mount. The Gun Mount Loader Drum can hold either 20 conventional rounds, 10 guided projectile rounds, or a mixed complement of both in ready service. For anti-surface and gunfire support missions requiring pinpoint accuracy, the guided projectile provides a high first round hit probabitity and selective targeting capability. Against hostile surface combatants, the Gun Mount is capable of firing semi-active laser guided projectiles to defeat small or low-priority threats, selectively reserving missiles for high-priority, high-value targets. The Gun Mount is able to fire chaff rounds, illuminating, white phosphorus, and other specialized rounds, fuzes, and powder cases with round-to-round selectivity. The Gun Mount is normally controlled by the Multi-Function Computer Plant (MFCP), which provides gun train, elevation, and firing orders to position and fire the gun. The Multi-Function Workstation required by this system is a part of the Multi-Function Display System.


Propulsion:

Contra-rotating Propellers Azipod:

What is Azipod®?
Azipod is the registered trademark of a family of electric propulsion systems for ships, the first of which was developed by ABB about two decades ago. The latest product in the range is the most energy-efficient electric propulsion system on the market. The background and technology
A typical power and propulsion-system arrangement in a cargo ship includes diesel generators for generating the electrical power needed on board and a separate diesel engine driving the main propeller shaft. This is a diesel-mechanical propulsion system and because the engine and propeller speed are rigidly coupled, fuel efficiency drops considerably at low speed.

Diesel-electric propulsion is a relatively new way of powering ships and differs by consisting of a larger electrical power plant, usually with diesel-engine driven generators, and an electrical motor driving the main propeller. ABB is the world's biggest maker of electric-propulsion systems.

In this system, the electrical propeller motors, which are the largest consumers of electricity, are controlled by drives that provide stepless power and control the speed of the propellers. The electric propulsion system is therefore able to run the diesel engines at or close to their optimum efficiency point regardless of the vessel's speed. Using electric cables rather than a mechanical transmission system also reduces vibration on board.

Azipod and fuel efficiency
ABB electric propulsion systems range from variable-speed electric machinery to a unique family of highly efficient products, the Azipod. The first Azipod propulsion system was completed in 1990.

The Azipod unit is fixed outside the ship in a pod, or casing, which combines the functions of a propulsion motor, main propeller, rudder and stern thruster. These traditionally separately installed units are no longer needed, vacating space on board for other purposes.

The Azipod system arrangement in a cruise vessel has been shown to reduce fuel consumption by about 10 percent when compared to diesel-electric propulsion systems with a conventional shaft-line arrangement.

In 2002, ABB introduced the CRP Azipod. The CRP concept, which stands for contra-rotating propeller, involves two propellers facing each other and rotating in opposite directions and is achieved when an Azipod unit is installed in the place of the rudder in a conventional shaft line arrangement.

It is most suitable for fast ferries and other ships that need very large propulsion power.
Two ferries built for ShinNihonkai, Japan's leading ferry operator, were equipped with the CRP Azipod in 2004. The company reported fuel savings of 20 percent, as well as 15 percent more transportation capacity, compared with ships of a similar size using diesel engines.

ABB’s Azipod systems are used in a wide variety of ships including luxury cruise vessels, yachts, ferries, drilling rigs, arctic tankers, offshore supply vessels and icebreakers.




Conventional Power Plant Proposals:

X5 36 MW Rolls-Royce MT30
It is envisaged that the BB(X) would have an all-electric drive with an integrated power system, (IPS) based on in-hull permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMMs) with Advanced Induction Motors (AIM) as a possible backup solution. The provision of electric drive eliminates the need for drive shaft and reduction gears and brings benefits in acoustic signature reduction, an increase in available power for weapon systems and improvements in the quality of life for crew.
The IPS would supply power to other ship systems such as the combat systems and allow the rapid reconfiguration of power requirements.
DRS Technologies Power Technology unit has received development contracts for the PMM motors, electric drive and control system for the IPS. The Rolls-Royce MT30 36MW gas turbine generator set has been selected to power the IPS EDM and Rolls-Royce delivered the first set in February 2005. The MT30 has 80% commonality with the Rolls-Royce Trent 800 aero engine and Rolls-Royce states that it is the most powerful marine gas turbine in the world. CAE will supply the integrated platform management system.



Alternate Propulsion Concept:

Modern Steam
X4 BOILERS 890 psi
X4 50 MW Backpressure steam turbine setup using the SIEMENS SST-800 geared turbine

X8 20 MW Azipods
or
IMS PMMs setup listed above as far as electric geared drives.


In the backpressure turbine configuration, the turbine does not consume steam. Instead, it simply reduces the pressure and energy content of steam that is subsequently exhausted into the process header. In essence, the turbo-generator serves the same steam function as a pressure-reducing valve (PRV)—it reduces steam pressure—but uses the pressure drop to produce highly valued electricity in addition to the low-pressure steam. Shaft power is produced when a nozzle directs jets of high-pressure steam against the blades of the turbine’s rotor. The rotor is attached to a shaft that is coupled to an electrical generator.

In a backpressure steam turbine, energy from high-pressure inlet steam is efficiently converted into electricity and low-pressure exhaust steam is provided to a plant process. The turbine exhaust steam has a lower temperature than the superheated steam created when pressure is reduced through a PRV. In order to make up for this heat or enthalpy loss and meet process energy requirements, steam plants with backpressure turbine installations must increase their boiler steam throughput (typically by 5%-7%). Every Btu that is recovered as high-value electricity is replaced with an equivalent Btu of heat for downstream processes.
Thermodynamically, steam turbines achieve an isentropic efficiency of 20%-70%. Economically, however, the turbine generates power at the efficiency of the steam boiler. The resulting power generation efficiency (modern steam boilers operate at approximately 80% efficiency) is well in excess of the efficiency for state-of-the-art single or combined cycle gas turbines. High efficiency means low electricity generating costs. Backpressure turbines can produce electrical energy at costs that are often less than 3 cents/kWh. The electricity savings alone—not to mention ancillary benefits from enhanced on-site electricity reliability and reduced emissions of CO2 and criteria pollutants—are often sufficient to completely recover the cost of the initial capital outlay in less than 2 years.


Alternative- Nuclear Power/Propulsion:





Gas Cooled Fast Reactor

Two Reactors-
Output: 95 MW/127,397 SHP
190 MW/254,794 SHP Total

The Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR) system is a nuclear reactor design which is currently in development. Classed as a Generation IV reactor, it features a fast-neutron spectrum and closed fuel cycle for efficient conversion of fertile uranium and management of actinides. The reference reactor design is a helium-cooled system operating with an outlet temperature of 850°C using a direct Brayton cycle gas turbine for high thermal efficiency. Several fuel forms are being considered for their potential to operate at very high temperatures and to ensure an excellent retention of fission products: composite ceramic fuel, advanced fuel particles, or ceramic clad elements of actinide compounds. Core configurations are being considered based on pin- or plate-based fuel assemblies or prismatic blocks, which allows for better coolant circulation than traditional fuel assemblies.

The reactors are intended for use in nuclear power plants to produce electricity, while at the same time; producing (breeding) new nuclear fuel, respectively.

Because of that the fact that the outlet temperature exceeds 830°C, the setup would utilize the option to produce hydrogen via the sulfur-iodine cycle (S-I cycle). Theoretically you could use this as a means to power hydrogen fuel cells aboard the ship, and thus relieve some of the power needs in that fashion. Since the S-I cycle consumes little additional energy to function, since the cycle works via the outlet temp (since heat is considered waste in the system anyways), you're netting some free hydrogen by utilizing such a setup.
Nuclear reactor design

Fast reactors were originally designed to be primarily Breeder reactors. This was because of a view at the time they were conceived that there was an imminent shortage of Uranium fuel for existing reactors. The projected increase in Uranium price did not materialise, but if uranium demand increases in the future then there may be renewed interest in fast reactors.

The GFR base design is a fast reactor but in other ways similar to a high temperature gas cooled reactor. It differs from the HTGR design in that the core has a higher fissile fuel content as well as a non-fissile, fertile, breeding component, and of course there is no neutron moderator. Due to the higher fissile fuel content, the design has a higher power density than the HTGR.
Fuel

In a GFR reactor design, the unit operates on fast neutrons, no moderator is needed to slow neutrons down. This means that, apart from nuclear fuel such as uranium, other fuels can be used. The most common is thorium, which absorbs a fast neutron and decays into Uranium 233. This means GFR designs have breeding properties—they can use fuel that is unsuitable in normal reactor designs and breed fuel. Because of these properties, once the initial loading of fuel has been applied into the reactor, the unit can go years without needing fuel. If these reactors are used for breeding, it is economical to remove the fuel and separate the generated fuel for future use.
Coolant

The gas used can be many different types, including carbon dioxide or helium. It must be composed of elements with low neutron capture cross sections to prevent positive void coefficient and induced radioactivity. The use of gas also removes the possibility of phase transition induced explosions, such as when the water in a water cooled reactor (PWR or BWR) flashes to steam upon overheating or depressurization. The use of gas also allows for higher operating temperatures than are possible with other coolants, increasing thermal efficiency, and allowing other non-mechanical applications of the energy, such as the production of hydrogen fuel.
Research History

Past pilot and demonstration projects have all used thermal designs with graphite moderators. As such, no true gas-cooled fast reactor design has ever been brought to criticality. The main challenges that have yet to be overcome are in-vessel structural materials, both in-core and out-of-core, that will have to withstand fast-neutron damage and high temperatures, (up to 1600°C). Another problem is the low thermal inertia and poor heat removal capability at low helium pressures, although these issues are shared with thermal reactors which have been constructed.

Gas cooled projects include decommissioned reactors such as the Dragon Project, built and operated in the United Kingdom, the AVR and the THTR-300, built and operated in Germany, and Peach Bottom and Fort St. Vrain, built and operated in the United States. Ongoing demonstrations include the HTTR in Japan, which reached full power (30 MWth) using fuel compacts inserted in prismatic blocks in 1999, and the HTR-10 in China, which may reach 10 MWth in 2002 using pebble fuel. A 400 MWth pebble bed modular reactor demonstration plant is being designed by PBMR Pty for deployment in South Africa, and a consortium of Russian institutes is designing a 600 MWth GT-MHR (prismatic block reactor) in cooperation with General Atomics.

_________________
"All your base are belong to us"

Weapons:


X9 16”/60 AGS guns in 3x3 turrets, 2 Fore/ 1 Aft
X8 6.1”/62 AGS guns in 2x4 turrets, sidelines-centered-low deck
X8 35mm MDG-351 guns in 18x1 turrets, sidelines-centered-high deck

X200 PVLS cells, Peripheral Vertical Launch System

X4 533mm torpedo tubes, submarine style submerged-flush with hull

(note- AGS stands for advanced gun systems which was developed for the DD(X) program)


Advanced Munitions:

Since we're venturing into the hypothetical here, thanks to the 16" AGS guns I've proposed, I thought I'd include a refresher so that we could all brush up on our knowledge concerning existing advanced munitions.


Guided (SMART) munition technology

XM982 Exalibur 155mm Precision Guided Munition-





The Excalibur 155mm Precision Guided Extended Range Artillery Projectile, also known as the M982 ER DPICM (Extended Range Dual Purpose Improved Conventional Munitions) Projectile, is a fire and forget, smart munition. It is intended to provide the Army with a capability to attack all three key target sets, soft and armored vehicles, and reinforced bunkers, out to ranges exceeding current 155mm family of artillery munitions. With its accuracy and increased effectiveness, the Excalibur was designed to reduce the logistical burden for deployed ground forces. It would also provide lower risks of collateral damage through its concentrated fragmentation pattern, increased precision and near-vertical descent.

Excalibur is a family of precision-guided, extended-range modular projectiles incorporating three unique payload capabilities divided into Block configurations. As designed, Block I consists of high-explosive, fragmenting, or ting unitary munitions to enhance traditional fire support operations with increased range, improved accuracy, and reduced collateral damage against personnel, light materiel, and structure targets. Block II consists of smart munitions to search, detect, acquire, and engage fleeting and short-dwell targets common to open-terrain battlefields. Block III consists of discriminating munitions to selectively identify and engage individual vehicular targets in urban environments by distinguishing specific target characteristics. It was also expected that Excalibur's precision capabilities would be used by Future Combat System (FCS) Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) Cannon units to provide close support to maneuver units in urban or complex terrain. Digitized lightweight 155mm howitzer systems would be used to develop and test Excalibur's capabilities before FCS NLOS Cannon is fielded.

The Excalibur development team combined US guidance expertise with Swedish airframe experience. The projectile would employ Global Positioning System (GPS)-aided inertial guidance and navigation, free spinning base fins, four-axis canard airframe control, base bleed technology, and a trajectory glide to achieve increased accuracy and extended ranges beyond 30 km. The FCS NLOS Cannon would incorporate an inductive fuze setter to transfer target and fuze data to the integral fuze.

Teamed with Raytheon Systems Company, General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems was tasked with developing the Army's new 155mm guided projectile. The XM982 utilized a modular concept to provide a multiple warhead payload capability. In addition to submunitions, the projectile can carry two SADARM sensor fused submunitions or a single Unitary warhead. The XM982 as designed was expected to provide 40% greater range and increased effectiveness over the existing M864.

The XM982 projectile began development at the US Armament Research, Engineering and Development Center's (ARDEC) Artillery and Mortar Division of the Fire Support Armaments Center. The government's projectile design combined the technologies of base burn and rocket assist to achieve significant increases in range capability and would, potentially, be the longest range artillery projectile in the US Army inventory. It was designed to contain 85 dual purpose XM80 grenades with XM234 Self Destruction Fuzing providing both anti-materiel and anti-personnel effects while virtually eliminating hazardous duds.

The XM982 Extended Range Projectile was initially developed jointly by Raytheon TI Systems' [RTIS] (Guidance and navigation systems), Primex (Projectile design and manufacturing), and KDI (Fuzing) to deliver a state-of-the-art, high performance, extended range weapon which will result in substantial savings to the U.S. Army. Weapons to be equipped included the towed M198 and XM777 (Joint Light Weight), and the M109A6 Paladin and XM2001 Crusader self-propelled howitzers (SPHs).

In addition to overall E&MD program management responsibility, RTIS would design, develop, and manufacture the guidance and control for the XM982 round. PRIMEX Technologies, Inc., in St. Petersburg, Florida (formerly Olin Ordnance), and KDI in Cincinnati, Ohio, were major subcontractors to RTIS for the XM982. PRIMEX would supply the projectile structure and payload. KDI would be supply the XM982 projectile safe and arm device and DPICM fuzing.

The projected features included:

Low cost per kill.
Increased Survivability by allowing greater stand-off from threats and faster defeat of potential threats.
Extended Range 155mm Artillery Projectile:
Nonballistic flight path.
To achieve a range of at least 37km when fired from 39-caliber howitzers.
To achieve a range of at least 47km when fired from the 52-caliber ordnance fitted to the XM2001 Crusader.

Fire-and-Forget GPS/INS (global positioning system/inertial navigation system) Guidance.
Modular Payload:
64 XM85 DPICMs
2 SADARMs (Sense and Destroy Armor)
Unitary

Modular Design:
XM982 would have the same guidance and tail sections for all three warhead options.
Also would use the same technology with the GPS receiver and guidance package that was used on the XM171 ERGM Program.

The M982 round was intended for use on the planned Crusader self-propelled howitzer. While that system was in development it was to be used on existing platforms, such as the M109A6 self-propelled and M198 towed howitzers. The cancelation of the Crusader eventually turned focus on the use of the round with the planned NLOS-C element of the FCS program. This would be in addition to existing M109A6 and M198 howitzers in service, and M777 towed howitzers that were brought into service in the years after the Crusader program had been cancelled. The M777 howitzer required a software update to its fire control system to be able to fire the M982, meaning that only howitzers brought up to M777A2 standard or above were capable of utilizing this capability.

Excalibur was fielded in Iraq with its first use in combat in the third quarter of FY07. Reports said the munition performed well in combat operations. Development of the muunition had in fact been accelerated to provide this capability to warfighters who had requested ways to achieve more accurate artillery fires in light of nature of operations being conducted in Iraq and Afghanistan. In fact Army planners had long forseen benefits to such rounds. Excalibur would be the munition of choice when the following requirements or conditions might exist: Collateral damage must be minimized, complex terrain limits conventional projectiles' effectiveness, the target is beyond the range of conventional cannon projectiles, precise fires on an objective must be maintained to allow friendly assaulting troops to close to within 150 meters of their indirect fires, or tactical or survivability considerations require platforms to fire from compartmentalized terrain (forest, defiles, urban areas, etc.), in a direction other than directly on line with the target.

Commanders would be able to engage targets with the Excalibur unitary in urban operations, making the most of the round's accuracy to limit collateral damage to the immediate target area. For example, it would be the optimum munition when the enemy uses "hugging tactics," that is when they might operate on the periphery of schools, hospitals, churches or congregations of innocent civilians. Excalibur's accuracy and fuzing options would allow commanders to engage targets protected by terrain variations. Excalibur could often be the only cannon projectile able to range a given target. Lastly, the self-guiding projectile would travel nearly vertically (high-angle) as it leaves the firing platform and then alter its flight path (left/right, up/down) to reach the target location.






(DM702) SMart 155



SMArt 155 (DM702) is produced by GIWS – a subsidiary of Diehl and Rheinmetall. SMArt is an intelligent, autonomous fire and forget artillery projectile designed to accurately engage stationary or mobile battlefield targets. By utilizing smart Submunitions, such targets can be engaged with standard artillery units, at significant range and high kill efficiency.

Each SMART 155 munition is composed of two sensor fused submunitions designed for automatic target acquisition and engagement by an Explosively Forged Penetrator (EFP). After the submunitions are expulsed from the shell case, opening parachutes and arm the warheads, each weapon scans a specific sector in a spiraling pattern, as it auto-rotates under a parachute, scanning the area underneath it with IR and mm radar or millimeter wave radiometer sensor. Once positive indication of a target is provided by both sensors, an aim point is calculated and the EFP is activated, attacking the target from above. According to the manufacturer, The SMArt 155's fusion of signal processed from IR sensors, radiometers and active radars is spanning a broad range of wavelengths, performs well in adverse conditions such as fog, smoke or precipitation; conditions that impede the performance of single sensors or single wavelength suites of sensors.

The 47 kg Smart 155 round is designed for 155mm guns including M-109/39 and M109/47 and PzH-2000/52 and Paladin self propelled artillery reaching 22.5 (39/47) up to 27.5 km (155/52). The Smart Submunitions are also applicable for MLRS rockets and aerial dispensers, as well as sensor fused ground mines activated by IR, Milimeter Wave (mmw) Radar or acoustic triggering. SMART is fielded with the armied of Germany, Switzerland and Greece. Additional countries are evaluating the weapon, among them the UAE. In a recent test, SMART ammunition was fired from a UAE G6 self-propelled howitzer and scored kills of 67 percent of the armored target. Test results also show that the SMArt(R) 155 is capable of distinguishing a hot target from a cold background as well as a cold target from a hot background. This functionality is particularly important in desert climates with "crossover" times of day that can impact thermal imaging performance. ATK is teamed with GIWS to market and produce the SMArt if selected by the US Forces.

In the UK, SMArt was proposed for the Royal Artillery's a Guided Artillery Ammunition (GAA) program, part of the Indirect Fire Precision Attack (IFPA) program. The team proposing the SMArt included RO Defense, Rheinmetall Defense and Raytheon . In November 2007 the MoD announced a first order for these munitions. They will be fired from current or future 155mm howitzers, and effectively engage targets at maximum range greater than 45km (with 155/52cal guns) at an accuracy of less than 20m’ CEP.

The projectile will reach this range by determining the specific flight trajectory using inertial sensors and GPS guided flight, utilizing canards deployed at the highest point of its ballistic trajectory (apogee). The mid-course trajectory will be optimized for range and time of arrival, while the terminal trajectory will be optimized for the type of warhead – either direct impact or submunition dispensing. Such accuracy enables firing at close proximity with friendly forces, and in scenarios where rules of engagement prohibit the use of wide area fire missions. GAA will be offered with two payload options – the SMArt Sensor Fused Munition (BSFM) or a new combined effect Blast Fragmentation submunition, designed by BAE-Royal Ordnance.

Long Range Land Attack Projectile






DD(X), a multimission surface combatant tailored for land attack and littoral dominance, will provide independent forward presence and deterrence, and operate as an integral part of joint and combined expeditionary forces. DD(X)’s main battery of two 155mm [6.1 inch] Advanced Gun Systems and fully automated magazine of up to 920 Long Range Land Attack Projectiles will provide ground forces with lethal and responsive all-weather firepower. In addition, the DD(X) program will provide a baseline for spiral development of technology and engineering to support a range of future surface ships, including the next-generation air-defense cruiser CG(X), the CVN 21 aircraft carrier and amphibious ships.







BAE Systems/Armament Systems Division is responsible for the development of the Advanced Gun System (AGS) and its Long Range Land Attack Projectile (LRLAP). AGS and LRLAP are key Engineering Development Models (EDMs) of the DD(X) program. The AGS is the US Navy’s first large caliber electric drive gun. The development of electric drive leverages work done for the Army’s Future Combat System (FCS) program and prior Crusader program. Electric drive removes hydraulic components, greatly reduces part count, reduces cost and increases reliability. Incorporation of the water cooled barrel allows AGS to fire at 10 rounds per minute continuously for the depth of the magazine while minimizing barrel wear. The innovative vertical load design significantly reduces part count and system weight while increasing reliability. The automated magazine design employs redundant shuttles to move pallets of LRLAP rounds to the gun system. All magazine components are housed in a modular structure supplied fully tested to the shipyard for a drop-in installation.

LRLAP is an advanced 155-mm munition being developed for the AGS. Features of the LRLAP include:

Global Positioning System (GPS) guided navigation and control
Maximum range of 83 nautical miles
Rocket assisted, range extension glide
Forward canard-actuated flight control
Unitary warhead with lethality equivalent to a USMC’s M795
Six LRLAP multiple rounds simultaneous impact per gun

LRLAP uses a GPS-aided Inertial Navigation system (INS) and proven forward canard system to attain very precise accuracy. This precision and flight control will give DD(X) the capability to conduct surgical strikes, mass fires, scale response to targets, and sustain suppression.

The AGS EDM program covered a 37-month period, from August 2002 through September 2005. The AGS EDM was an initial prototype and was 1 of 10 EDMs being designed, built, and tested concurrently in this phase (Phase 3) of the DD(X) program. These EDMs were specifically designed to reduce risk and mature DD(X) technologies.

The test projectile consisted of a full-length projectile airframe with base/tail assembly, a live rocket motor with a pressure-activated initiator, a telemetry unit housed in the warhead section, and a full guidance, navigation and control subsystem. The test events are conducted by United Defense and Lockheed Martin under subcontract with Bath Iron Works and the DD(X) design agent Northrop Grumman Ships Systems.

In April 2003 Lockheed Martin was selected to provide the Long-Range Land Attack Projectile (LRLAP) for the Advanced Gun System (AGS) on board U. S. Navy DD(X) next-generation destroyers. The contract award marks Lockheed Martin's return to the guided projectile market. From 1982 through 1989, Lockheed Martin produced nearly 28,000 155mm Copperhead rounds for the U.S. Army. Lockheed Martin also developed a 5-inch guided projectile for the U.S. Navy, Deadeye, producing 200 rounds that passed technical and operational evaluations before the program succumbed to funding cuts. Lockheed Martin remained the only company that had developed and fielded a cannon-launched guided weapon that has been placed in the US arsenal.

The approximately $40 million Engineering Development Model (EDM) contract, awarded by United Defense L.P. (UDLP), calls for Lockheed Martin to develop a tactical baseline design for a guided projectile on the gun weapon system that will form the main battery of the U.S. Navy's DD(X) destroyer. The EDM contract ran through September 2005 and included 15 rounds to conduct flight tests and support the AGS Critical Design Review. This award decision resulted from a competition between Lockheed Martin and Raytheon. During the demonstration phase, Lockheed Martin participated on the team led by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), which was primarily responsible for the guidance and control hardware and software integration.

The DD(X) National Team and the Navy conducted the third consecutive successful guided-flight test of the 155mm Long Range Land Attack Projectile (LRLAP) 16 June 2005. Preliminary results indicated the munition successfully conducted preplanned maneuvers along a 60 nautical mile flight path during the 280-second flight. Guided Flight Test #4 (GF-04) was the fourth of seven guided-flight tests planned as part of the LRLAP engineering development model (EDM) program. GF-04 followed the successful projectile performance demonstrated in two other successful flights in January and February 2005. This most recent test, like the others, was conducted at the San Nicolas Island test facility located at Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division, Pt. Mugu, CA. After launch, the LRLAP projectile successfully acquired Global Positioning System input and executed guided flight through a series of preplanned maneuvers. The GF-04 flight plan was developed to provide expanded aerodynamic performance data across many anticipated flight regimes. Detailed test data recorded during the flight will be analyzed as part of the development program.

The LRLAP has also been developed with affordability as a goal. LRLAP has integrated several components and subsystems from existing and future production programs. The Deeply Integrated Guidance Navigation Unit being developed under the U.S. Army’s Common Guidance program. The Canard Control Unit leverages control electronics from the Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System and the U.S. Army Tactical Missile System. The warhead uses a similar design, several common components, and fabrication processes employed on warheads for Excalibur and 5-Inch Extended Range Guided Munition projectiles.

On July 18, 2005 Lockheed Martin received a five-year contract valued at $120 million from BAE Systems for further development and test of the Long-Range Land Attack Projectile (LRLAP) for the Advanced Gun System (AGS) on the U.S. Navy's next-generation destroyer, the DD(X). The cost-plus-award-fee contract calls for completion of a LRLAP to provide precise, rapid-response, high-volume, long-range fire support for U.S. Marines ashore. The new contract calls for additional development and tests in 2006-2008 and support to AGS qualification testing in 2009-2010. More than 100 projectiles will be delivered and tested under this contract. Full-rate production is expected to begin in 2011.

Armament:


x 9 16"/60 AGS Mk-200 guns in 3x3 turrets, 2 Fore/ 1 Aft
turret crew: 2
Rate of Fire: 5 rds a min per gun
Range unassisted ammo: 39-69 NM
Range Assisted ammo: 150-180 NM
Range Extended-Assisted ammo: 200+ NM ?

Accuracy unguided: CEP= 70 to 85 meters
Accuracy guided: CEP= 7 meters

Since the concept for such a system is based off the AGS used in the DDG-1000 project, it should be assumed that this design is merely a scaled up and improved concept of the same system employed with the DDG-1000. As such, it utilizes automated loading and targeting, and employs advanced munitions when necessary.

-Turrets use hydraulic-automated loading, all gunnery systems are AEGIS and SPY-3 Integrated for automatic targeting and vectoring. Rounds used can consist of 16"/50 ammo originally designed for Iowa class battleships, however new ammo would need to be developed. The Mk-200 is a smoothbore gun, as such all ammunition must be saboted or have guidance fins to maintain stable trajectory. I envision a general purpose shell design, that includes GPS and Intertial corrective guidance as well as assisted propulsion modules.



x8 6.1"/62 AGS guns in 2x4 turrets, sidelines-centered-low deck

Rate of Fire: 10 rds/min per gun

Range unassisted: 41 NM
Range Assisted: 100 NM
Turret Crew: 2

AEGIS and SPY-3 Integrated for automatic triangulation of firing, also permits as in the 16" guns automatic targeting.

The Advanced Gun System (AGS) AGS is a 155mm Gun Weapon System planned for installation in the DD-21 Land-Attack Destroyers to provide high-volume, sustainable fires in support of amphibious operations and the joint land battle. AGS is a fully integrated gun weapon system that will include at least two separate gun systems for each DD-21 warship. Each gun system will be capable of independently firing up to 12 rounds per minute from an automated magazine storing as many as 750 rounds. The 155mm rounds are about 6.1 inches in diameter, versus the 127mm diameter of the standard 5-inch projectile. The AGS program also includes development of a 155mm version of the Extended-Range Guided Munitions (ERGM) as the first of a family of AGS munitions. AGS is being designed to meet the reduced manning and low radar-signature requirements of DD-21.

AGS will employ 155mm caliber munitions capable of hitting targets accurately up to a distance of 100 nautical miles. One of the most amazing weapons of the First World War was the Kaiser Wilhelm Geschuetz, known to the Allies as the "Paris Gun". At a time when the best artillery of the day had a range of about 23 miles, it reached nearly 80. From March through August of 1918, three of the guns dropped 351 shells on Paris from the woods of Crepy, killing 256 and wounding 620 more. The Paris Gun's payload was only 15 pounds of explosive, accuracy was non-existent (it could hit Paris but not a specific target in Paris), and the barrels had to be rebored after 65 firings.

The program started in FY 1999. The first gun system is scheduled for delivery to DD-21 in FY 2006, with an IOC of 2008. The AGS and its associated family of munitions are being developed under constrained affordability. The Developer/Manufacturer is United Defense Limited Partnership, Minneapolis, Minnesota, in partnership with the two DD-21 industry teams. United Defense began the design of the AGS in 1999 under a Section 845 Agreement with Bath Iron Works, the lead contractor for the DD 21 Shipbuilding Alliance. During 1999 United Defense conducted detailed analysis and trade studies for the AGS and recommended using a conventional single-barrel 155-mm Naval gun. With the acceptance of the Alliance and the Navy, United Defense began preliminary design of the AGS in November 2000.

In the mid-1990s the Navy planned to address its surface fire support capability deficiencies in two phases, near- (scheduled completion by fiscal year 2001) and long-term (time frame to be defined). In the long-term phase, the Navy planned to develop a 155-millimeter vertical gun for advanced ships (VGAS) with an extended range guided munition. The Navy planned to equip the class of surface combatants, the DD-21 class, with the vertical guns beginning about the year 2008. The extended range guided munition technologies being developed within the near-term phase, along with the technologies being examined by several separately funded Advanced technology demonstration projects, were expected to be applicable in the long-term phase to develop other guided projectiles, including 155-millimeter and larger versions.

The development of the conceptual 155 millimeter gun focused on both a pointing gun or a fixed, vertical gun [VGAS] -- the pointing gun was selected. The heart this gun will be an automated, ammunition magazine to reduce manning and increase the magazine capacity for rounds. With two VGAS guns on DD-21 it would be possible to carry as many as 1400-1500 rounds in a CESB module no bigger than the current VLS launcher.

With fully automated magazines, Extended Range Guided Munitions (ERGM), and the equivalent of two USMC M198 155mm Howitzer Batteries in firepower, the two Advanced Gun Systems (AGS) in DD 21 will radically influence future naval gun developments. The vision for a littoral warfare strategy requires a system capable of providing effective and sustained Naval Surface Fire Support (NSFS) for amphibious operations and joint land battles. AGS will provide the needed accuracy, range, responsiveness, and volume of fire to fully meet the Navy's NSFS requirements.

Associated with the gun are gunfire control functionality integrated into the DD 21 Total Ship Computing Environment (TSCE), an automated magazine, and low-radar and IR signatures for the gun and barrel. AGS design includes a family of 155mm extended range guided projectiles with warheads matched to the projected land attack target set. Efforts are underway to achieve as much commonality as possible with U.S. Army 155mm projectiles.

Beyond its role on DD 21, AGS may someday serve as a model for future large caliber naval gun systems. Indeed, AGS requirements demand the most capable naval gun system ever produced, its extended range dwarfing the range of the 5"/54 Mark 4 mod 2 guns currently found on U.S. surface combatants. In addition, the expected projectile weight for the AGS munitions is much larger than that of current guns. Other revolutionary capabilities being developed in conjunction with AGS include state-of-the-art materials, and advanced barrel cooling methods. Finally, future lethality enhancements may include a penetrating capability that will certainly improve the warfighting capability of DD 21 and any other 21st century combatant.



x8 35mm MDG-351 Millenium guns in 8x1 turrets, sidelines-centered-high deck

turret crew: 0
-AEGIS and SPY-3 integrated

In March 2002 Lockheed Martin, Akron, Ohio, and Oerlikon Contraves, Zurich, Switzerland, joined forces to produce and market the rapid-fire Millennium Gun. The Millennium Gun is the only multi-mission close-in weapon system capable of engaging fast-attack surface craft and near-shore land targets in littoral and riverine waters, as well as defending against anti-ship missiles and aircraft in all environments.
The gun's highly effective inner layer defense capability extends ship self-protection to ranges greater than any other close-in weapon systems. Creating a "wall of steel," the Millennium Gun fires 35-mm ammunition, including the advanced Ahead round, at 1,000 rounds per minute. Each Ahead round dispenses 152 subprojectiles that form a cone-shaped pattern. The subprojectiles destroy a target's control surfaces, seeker and other vital components as it moves through the wall of steel.
The Millennium Gun is a low-cost, unmanned, remotely controlled gun mount. It is compatible with all modern and legacy sensors and fire control systems. It fits on a number of ship classes, including such advanced designs as the U.S. Coast Guard National Security Cutter and the Littoral Combat Ship. Oerlikon Contraves has received expressions of interest from several navies for mounts on frigates and corvettes.
The Millennium Gun will give navies a multimission-capable deck gun, defending against sea-skimming cruise missiles and other air threats in the open ocean and against the asymmetric threat of small surface craft in littoral and riverine waters.
The gun's kill radius varies according to the type of threat it engages. Testing has shown it to be lethal against aircraft and helicopters at 3.5 km, against cruise missiles at 2 km, and against anti-ship sea-skimming missiles at 1.5 km. These distances extend the close-in defensive perimeter and the time available for a ship to engage and destroy an imminent threat
The Millennium Gun's versatility and modularity was demonstrated during the U.S. Navy's Fleet Battle Experiment-Juliet, scheduled for July and August 2002. Lockheed Martin's Sea SLICE, an advanced technology demonstrator vessel participating in the exercise, was fitted with the Millennium Gun on its bow. The exercise highlighted the gun's adaptability to fit on a number of ship classes. Its low weight, small footprint and easy loading of ammunition make it ideal for new ship construction and existing ships earmarked for modernization.


X200 PVLS Cells, in 4 cell units

Hypothetical Loadout:

x40 BGM-109 Block IV
x40 RGM-84 Harpoon

AGM-84F: 315 km (170 nmi)
AGM-84H/K: 280 km (150 nmi)

x60 RIM-161 Standard Missile 3
x20 RUM-139 VL-ASROC
x40 Cells (4 per cell) = x160 RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile

DD(X) is the U.S. Navy's Future Surface Combatant program for research, development and testing of transformational technologies for a "family" of surface warships, including the next-generation destroyer, DD(X). Specific technologies or engineering development models being developed for DD(X) include an advanced gun system, radar suite, integrated power system, vertical launch system and signature management/reduction, as well as optimal manning with emphasis on reduced crew size, high quality of life and minimal total ownership costs.
Ship Systems proposed a Peripheral Vertical Launching System [PVLS] alternative to the traditional VLS configuration of centralized missile magazines. The DD(X) team's launcher concept consists of a PVLS that distributes the missile launchers in separate four-cell launcher compartments along the ship's hull starting at the forward gun and ending just aft of midships. The PVLS launcher configuration was chosen due to the significant enhancement in ship survivability.
The four-cell missile launcher housed in the PVLS launcher compartment is called the advanced vertical launching system (AVLS). The AVLS is the actual mechanical and electrical subsystem associated with storing and launching missiles, while the PVLS is the shipboard launcher compartment in which the AVLS is installed.
In November 2002 the DD(X) system design team led by Northrop Grumman Corporation executed a major risk reduction test on its peripheral vertical launching system (PVLS) magazine within three months after work began on the contract. The PVLS test article is a full-scale assembly that was fabricated at Northrop Grumman's Ship Systems' facility in Pascagoula, Miss. Once built, the article was transported to a facility in Aberdeen, Md., to be staged, instrumented and loaded with representative ordnance. This successful test marked the first major milestone in the DD(X) PVLS development path.
Preparations for the Aberdeen test included design and construction of a fixture that simulated the ship's external structure. The PVLS test helped validate Northrop Grumman's proposed magazine protection system concept and provided valuable data that will be used to optimize the magazine and overall ship design.
The 162-ton full-scale peripheral vertical launch system (PVLS) test article constructed at Northrop Grumman Corporation's Ship Systems sector in Pascagoula, Miss., underwent a live-fire test at Aberdeen Test Center in Maryland Oct. 22, 2002. The test verified the DD(X) magazine protection system, which is designed to relieve pressure from exploding ordnance while forcing blast damage away from a ship.
The successful completion of this PVLS test represented a significant milestone in confirming the transformational DD(X) design. The magazine protection system is configured to relieve pressure from exploding ordnance, while forcing blast damage away from the ship and maximizing crew protection.


Aircraft Complement:

Via one below deck hangar-

Below deck, brings helicopter aircraft to top-deck/heli-pad via an elevator, similar to the type used on the Nimitz Class CVN's. Unorthodox approach necessary for increased stealthiness and smaller topside deck-house.

x1 Sikorsky CH-53K Super Stallion
(Cargo/ASW)



x3 MH-60R Seahawk (Anti-sub Warfare)

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"All your base are belong to us"

Are you aware of what kind of hull design that is?

It's one of the many concepts for the Arsenal Ship. It's not actually what the BB(X) would look like, and does not feature a wave piercing bow or tumble-home hull. It's just an illustration to demonstrate a stealth capital ship. My concept would look a lot like that, except with a wave-piercing bow, tumblehome hull and with dome turrets similar to what is found on that BBN I posted yesterday.

I actually mentioned that in the second paragraph of my original post. You should try reading sometime. It helps a lot...

Since you seemed to miss it entirely, I'll be nice and C&P it for you.

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"All your base are belong to us"

Okay, all this proposed technology is lovely, and very pretty... But what do you see the point of this ship being?
Having 16 inch guns, and fancy anti-torp tech is nice, but why? What would this ship be used for?

Okay, I thought I would extend my post to some critique.

Your ship is currently costing 600-800 million dollars for than a current super-carrier. Hell, it's over 3 billions dollars more than the Ford class currently under construction. Why should the US military build one of these instead of 1-2 super-carriers?

Your weapon outfit:
Why are you mounting 16' guns? A 5 inch gun is the biggest gun needed in the modern day. An 8 inch gun would be too much really, and this feels like an excuse to have big guns, when there is no need for them strategically. There are no surface combatants that need 16 inch shells placed into their deck at high speed, and mounting 3 triple 5 inch turrets would be completely adequate for the task of shore bombardment.
Added to this, making 16 inch barrels is a very expensive task, and one that hasn't been done (I believe) for at least 40 years or so (I don't know when Iowa's barrels were last replaced, if ever).

The 6 inch guns to port and starboard, which I'm going to assume is 4 twin turrets (though may be two quad turrets). These should be your primary armament. Why even have a secondary armament when you have such a big primary armament, that will be used only for shore bombardment? You're adding cost, and it feels like the only reason is in order to make it more like battleships of old. If for some reason we accepted the proposal of three 16 inch turrets, we have no reason for a secondary gun armament, assuming you ave a capable AA and AS missile armament.

You have eight millennium guns for point defence... while I don't think you need more than four on the centreline, I will accept this, as such a big ship will need very, very good active defences.

I have no comments on the VLS load out. It's load-out is more than capable of engaging surface, air, and submerged targets.

So based entirely on the weapons mounted, it feels like you are aiming for the feel of an old time battleship, with it's large gun armament, for no better reason than for it to look well armed. You do not need this many barrels, particularly not with the missile armament.

So I restate my initial question. What do you see this ship doing?

I suggest everyone takes a peek at the conclusion the guys at NavWeaps arrived at when Distress first posted this rather long bit of copy pasta a couple of years ago.
And note that they are in general very much pro BBs.

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“Close” only counts with horseshoes, hand grenades, and tactical nuclear weapons.
That which does not kill me has made a grave tactical error

Worklist

Source Materiel is always welcome.

I knew I recognized the posting style!

Have a link to that thread?

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𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐇𝐍𝐄𝐓- 𝑻𝒐 𝑪𝒐𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆

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“Close” only counts with horseshoes, hand grenades, and tactical nuclear weapons.
That which does not kill me has made a grave tactical error

Worklist

Source Materiel is always welcome.

So that was entirely copy-pasted?
Catz, do you think you can still defend it?
Or will you come up with your own ideas?