Next up, a few Portuguese musings. In early 1968, the
Força Aérea Portuguesa concluded a study into its requirements for future operations, especially in light of the continuing operations in Portugal’s African possessions. 40 Fiat G.91R's were purchased from West Germany to supplement the Sabre and Thunderjet then in service, but the FAP identified that a new, more modern aircraft was needed. The study identified the need for a new fighter capable of reaching Mach 2 in horizontal flight and a rate of climb that allowed it to reach 40,000 ft in less than five minutes. The study also gave preference to twin-engine aircraft and specified the armament capacity and the capability to operate in hot environments, in addition to being capable of flying directly from mainland Portugal to Sal in Cape Verde.
Clearly this had been written around the Phantom, but relations with the USA were strained over the ongoing Colonial War in Africa. A UN arms embargo on Portugal was being observed by the USA, who were loathe to sell the Portuguese any equipment that could be used outside of NATO. Similarly, the UK’s Labour government was in the process of withdrawing from its own colonial possessions in Africa and viewed Portugal’s authoritarian government as little different from the fascist Franco regime in Spain. Sweden’s neutral stance put them at odds with Portuguese policy in Africa. In terms of western countries with their own supersonic fighter programmes, this left France, by now already the country’s biggest arms supplier. Despite being single-engined, the FAP requested that it be allowed to order 100 Mirage III fighter-bombers. These would comprise 85 single-seat IIIE aircraft and 15 IIID two-seat conversion trainers. Three squadrons would be retained in Portugal for local air defence (30 aircraft), with the rest deployed in Mozambique and Angola.
However, it was obvious that this number simply could not be met with the existing budgetary restraints on the Portuguese government. Dassault, ever keen for more sales, proposed a split buy. The company would sell Portugal 30 single-seat Mirage IIIC dedicated interceptors, five IIIB trainers, 50 Mirage 5 attack aircraft and ten twin-seat 5D models. This was acceptable, as all these aircraft were cheaper than the Mirage IIIE. Production of the first five of each type would come straight off the existing production lines, with the rest assembled at OGMA in Lisbon from knock-down kits.
Portuguese models were given the French export code PL. Aside from the different designations, the aircraft were no different to their French counterparts and carried a similar weapons fit. Two squadrons of IIICPL interceptors were based on the Portuguese mainland, with a third based in the Azores to intercept wandering Soviet maritime patrol aircraft. The fifteen two-seaters were pooled into a single OCU, with pilots streaming onto the III or 5 depending on their eventual posting. Initial training would be carried out in France, with pilots being sent from early 1969. The first Mirage IIICPL squadron, number 51, officially stood up at Monte Real on 20 September 1969 and carried out its first interception two days later. The aircraft were armed with internal DEFA-553 30mm cannon, a single R.530 medium-range missile and a pair of AIM-9B Sidewinders build under licence by Matra.
While the Mirage IIICPL took to protecting the skies of mainland Portugal and the Azores, the Mirage 5 was left to move mud. Government plans were for the production of fifty single-seaters and ten trainers, but in the event, ten of the Mirage 5’s were completed as dedicated reconnaissance machines with the nose of the French Mirage IIIR, due to Air Force insistence on having a decent reconnaissance asset.
Four squadrons of Mirage 5’s were to be deployed to Africa, with a fifth remaining in Portugal as a reserve ostensibly declared to NATO. An initial deployment to Mozambique in December 1969 proved the aircraft's capability, but revealed a problem with defending against the guerrilla's new weaponry. Delays occurred due to the arrival of Soviet-made SA-7 MANPADS missiles into rebel hands, which had necessitated fitting the aircraft with flare dispensers. Full equipment of the Mirage 5 squadrons was complete by late August 1973; ironically, they only flew a handful of ground attack missions by the time of the Carnation Revolution on 25 April 1974.
The Portuguese military overthrew the authoritarian
Estado Novo government on 25 April 1974. The new military government ordered the withdrawal of all Portuguese military forces from Africa and granted independence to the former colonies. Two squadrons of Mirage 5’s flew back to be placed in immediate storage, being declared as surplus to requirements. The other two, plus one dedicated reconnaissance unit, were declared to NATO and planned to reinforce the southern flank in times of tension.