ARC Lawrence A71 Taranui
Designed by Lawrence Aircraft and produced by its successor, ARC Lawrence Limited, the A71 Taranui is a small but competent 1960s naval attack aircraft developed for New Holland's Fleet Air Arm.
Development
Development of the Taranui formally commenced in 1957. However, its origin can be traced to an Air Department tender issued in 1953. The Air Force required a modern, high-performance aircraft which could replace the de Havilland Mosquito and DAC Jetfighter in the interceptor role. Lawrence, then an independent company, submitted two designs. The first was an ambitious twin-engine aircraft with a delta wing. It was a true supersonic jet capable of Mach 1.5 at altitude. The second submission was a conservative single-engine swept wing design limited to transonic speeds. Both had nose intakes, but the twin-engine submission could accommodate a large radar. The Air Department favoured Lawrence’s larger design for this reason and the single-engine type languished until 1956 when a replacement for the F-86 Sabre, then entering service, was requested. Lawrence revitalised its single-engine interceptor with a new, more powerful engine and the delta wing of its larger counterpart. Its shape was also modified to partially conform to the transonic area rule. Unfortunately, Lawrence’s submission was lacklustre compared to other offerings. It was a marginal improvement over the Sabre at best and the Air Department selected a competing design for further development.
Salvation came the following year in the form of a Navy Department tender for a lightweight attack aircraft which could operate from New Holland’s aircraft carriers. It was a replacement for the Fairey Gannet in the strike role. Andrew Leigh, the chief designer at Lawrence, redeveloped the earlier Sabre replacement into a suitable aircraft. Supersonic flight was no longer a consideration and performance in this area was exchanged for a stronger fuselage better suited to violent carrier landings and the carriage of heavy ordnance. Up to 8,000 lb (3,629 kg) could be carried, a substantial improvement over the Gannet’s meagre 2,000 lb (907 kg) capacity. The nose intake was replaced with side intakes and a conventional nose accommodating an air-to-surface radar. Standard carrier aircraft accoutrements, such as folding wing tips and a robust tail hook, were also introduced. Leigh’s revised design was criticised for its modest combat radius, but it was the best submission from a holistic perspective. De Havilland New Holland proposed a single-seat strike version of the Sea Vixen. It was larger and heavier than the aircraft envisioned by the Navy Department. DAC submitted a modified version of its own Sabre replacement. However, this aircraft carried less ordnance and the suggested landing speeds were dangerously high for a carrier aircraft.
Lawrence commenced work on two prototypes in early 1959. The company merged with ARC Limited, a competing aircraft manufacturer, in 1961 and formed ARC Lawrence Limited. However, this had little effect on the project. ‘Taranui’, an indigenous name for the Caspian tern, was chosen around this time. Leigh is said to have suggested the name after comparing the nose and canopy of his aircraft to the beak and head of the bird. First flight was achieved in 1962 and a contract for six preproduction aircraft was awarded the following year. Trials on land and aboard the aircraft carrier
Passchendaele were promising despite the loss of one airframe in an accident. Having received the designation A71 Taranui, the first production aircraft entered Fleet Air Arm service with 805 Squadron in early 1965.
Service
New Holland aircraft carriers were a common sight in Southeast Asia and it was not long before the Taranui could be seen over Malaysia and Singapore. However, these were training deployments and shows of force. Taranui were not involved in combat operations until the aircraft carrier
El Alamein replaced its American counterpart,
Forrestal, off North Vietnam in 1967. Though losses were heavier than anticipated, the Taranui’s performance under fire was satisfactory and periodic combat deployments continued throughout the Vietnam War. Sixteen were lost to hostile action, with enemy ground fire being the most common culprit.
ARC Lawrence improved the Taranui over the course of its production and later life, creating four distinct variants. The earliest model, the Taranui A, had a delta wing with a continuous leading edge and no airborne refuelling capability. Its armament was limited, with unguided bombs and rockets being the only ordnance carried. The aircraft was certified to carry torpedoes, but this was never exploited in service. After producing 60 aircraft, ARC Lawrence introduced the improved Taranui B. This incorporated a modified wing with a dogtooth and a refuelling probe. The Indian Naval Air Arm was offered a unique model following its war with Pakistan in 1971. Known in ARC Lawrence marketing material as the Taranui I, this would have incorporated a multi-mode radar and air-to-air missile. Had India shown any interest, it would have replaced the Hawker Sea Hawk aboard Vikrant. While unsuccessful, the Taranui I eventually led to the Taranui C which entered New Holland service from 1978. This is an upgrade of the Taranui B which incorporates new radar, the Sidewinder and Red Top air-to-air missiles, the Martel air-to-ground missile, laser-guided munitions, and countermeasure dispensers. As of January 1989, the Taranui C remains in active service with New Holland’s Fleet Air Arm. Its days are numbered, however, as the McDonnel Douglas F/A-18 Hornet has already replaced it in several squadrons.
Specifications (A71 Taranui C)
- Crew: 1 (Pilot)
- Length: 14.2 m (46.6 ft)
- Wingspan: 7.6 m (24.9 ft)
- Height: 3.2 m (10.5 ft) excluding landing gear
- Empty Weight: 4,309 kg (9,500 lb)
- Gross Weight: 7,195 kg (15,862 lb)
- Maximum Takeoff Weight: 10,935 kg (24,108 lb)
- Powerplant: Hargrave AJ207, 49 kN (11,000 lbf)
- Maximum Speed: 1,100 km/h (684 mph) at sea level
- Armament: 2 20 mm (0.79 in) revolver cannons, 3 hardpoints rated for 907 kg (2,000 lb), 2 hardpoints rated for 454 kg (1000 lb).
- Avionics: Multimode pulse-Doppler radar